Abstract: The status of environmental toxicological pollution of main water resources in China and the research progress on water pollutants were analyzed. Suggestions were put forward for the current pollution status of water environmental systems and new problems of environmental toxicology. It is proposed that the protection of main water resources is closely related to the improvement of human health and sound development of national economy, and it thus is necessary to pay great attention to the environmental protection of water resources from the perspective of state safety strategy.