Abstract: In order to discuss the relations between the iodine deficiency epidemic disease and the environment as well as the factors of rock, soil and water affecting iodine deficiency epidemic disease in Guizhou Province, the authors carried out sampling and analysis of rocks, soils, water and crops (rice and corn) in different epidemic disease areas, including heavy disease areas, light disease areas and non-disease areas, tested the background contents of iodine, and performed comparative analysis. It is shown that the background iodine in rocks, soils and water were somewhat related to the distribution of iodine deficiency disease in Guizhou. The heavy disease areas were mainly distributed at carbonate rock areas, with low background iodine in rocks, soils and water; the non-disease areas were mainly distributed coal series rock areas, with relatively high background iodine in rocks, soils and water; the light disease areas were mainly distributed at epizonal and fragmentary rock areas, with background iodine in rocks, soils and water between those of heavy disease areas and non-disease areas.