Abstract: According to the system of laws and regulations, governmental instruments and market mechanisms, a systemic evaluation on China’s actual ecological compensation mechanism and policy was made. The problems and amelioration directions of legal system, financial system, key ecological projects, eco-tax system and market exchange mode was summarized. Then, based on the different scales of externality problems of ecological construction in China, they designed the ecological compensation mechanism and the policy basic framework. Finally, aiming at the urgent problems and possible countermeasures, the authors also brought forward several policy fields which should be broken through in ecological compensation in China recently.